India – A decade of the Total Sanitation Campaign

 Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP) – South Asia (2011).  A decade of the total sanitation campaign : rapid assessment of processes and outcomes. New Delhi, India, Water and sanitation programme (WSP) – South Asia
Vol. 1 : main report. 80 p.; ill.; 10 boxes; 56 fig.; 7 tab.; photogr. 17 ref.
Vol. 2 : annexes. 83 p.; 37 annexes (= 37 tab.)

The Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) of the government of India has been in operation for over a decade (1999 to date), and the Nirmal Gram Puraskar, a fiscal incentive programme that rewards local governments (Green Panchayats) that achieve total sanitation, has completed five years (2005 to date). The country has made significant progress in terms of coverage and outcomes. However, these achievements have been concentrated in a few states while others continue to lag significantly behind.

This report analyses primary and secondary data on the TSC to arrive at an understanding of the processes, outputs and outcomes at a national level and across the states; this is compared with the inputs which have gone into the programme. These indicators are then compared individually and in combination to benchmark the states, to understand the relative performance of the states. This benchmarking, based on a combination of eight indicators, is undertaken for both states and districts across the country. The analysis is also useful in tracking the efficiency of the states in terms of time taken to achieve total sanitation (rate of acceleration of the programme) and the financial expenditure on achieving outcomes. It, then, extrapolates, based on current achievements, to understand when the various states would achieve the ultimate objective of full coverage. [authors abstract]

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Case study on sustainability of rural sanitation marketing in Vietnam

Sijbesma, C., Truong, T.X. and Devine, J. (2010). Case study on sustainability of rural sanitation marketing in Vietnam. (Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project. Technical paper). Washington, DC, USA, Water and Sanitation Program. xi, 78 p. : 8 boxes, 31 fig., 16 tab. 37 ref. Download full report [PDF, 4.72 MB]

From 2003 to 2006, a rural pilot project was conducted in Viet Nam with technical support from the non-governmental organization (NGO) International Development Enterprises (IDE) and funding from Danish International Development Assistance (DANIDA). The project tested whether a sanitation marketing approach could improve rural access to sanitary toilets in 30 communes in six districts of the coastal provinces of Thanh Hoa and Quang Nam.

Three years after the end of the pilot program, the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) contracted the IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre and ADCOM to design and carry out a case study to investigate the sustainability of the rural sanitation marketing approach. Research for the case study took place between June and August 2009.

The main research question was whether the outputs and outcomes had been sustained after the external support had ended. Other research questions were used to determine if the approach had spread to neighboring communes (“spill-over effect”), if the districts had extended the approach district-wide (“scaling-up effect”), and if there were signs of spontaneous marketing developments ( “parallel development”). The case study was conducted in a purposively selected sample of eight communes in four districts of the two provinces. Four matched communes that did not participate in the pilot but were located in other parts of the same districts served as a comparative group.

In all study communes, all but one of the promoters had continued the promotion of sanitary toilets and the end of open defecation without incentives, be it at a lower intensity. The local private sector had meanwhile developed further. They now offered a larger range of products with varying prices and also gave various types of credit to customers.

The case study ends with a series of conclusions, lessons learned for replication of the approach in Viet Nam and elsewhere, and recommendations.

Financing on-site sanitation for the poor

Tremolet, S. (2010). Financing on-site sanitation for the poor : a six country comparative review and analysis. (Technical paper / WSP). Washington, DC, USA, Water and Sanitation Program. xiii, 154 p. : 3 boxes, 8 fig., 15 tab. Bibliography: p. 153-154
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Abstract

This study aims to improve understanding of the finance of on-site household sanitation through careful analysis of practical field experience in a wide range of projects.

The study reviews on-site sanitation financing in six carefully selected case studies by examining:

• the financing sources and the financing approaches
• what share is paid by each source, and how? and
• what public funding mechanisms are used, including hardware subsidies, software support, or facilitated access to credit?

In addition to summarizing the mechanics of each approach, all case studies were reviewed in terms of common evaluation criteria:

• impact on sustainable access to services
• costs
• effectiveness in the use of public funds
• poverty targeting
• financial sustainability; and
• scalability.

The case studies were selected to reflect a range of household sanitation financing approaches and contexts. The chosen projects were located in Bangladesh, Ecuador, Maharashtra (India), Mozambique, Senegal and Viet Nam.

The Sanitation and Hygiene Global Practice Team of the World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) initially conceptualized this study to offer better guidance to sector professionals developing on-site sanitation projects and programs.

Findings

Public investments of varying forms enable an absolute increase in the number of poor people gaining access to sanitation, varying from 20 percent to 70 percent.

“Each of the six sanitation programs studied enabled significant numbers of people to improve their sanitation,” said co-author and World Bank Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist Pete Kolsky. “The numbers of people benefiting varied. The India case enabled the most people to gain access, at over 21 million, while the Ecuador program enabled access for over 140,000 people.”

The first step up “the sanitation ladder” for those without access is on-site sanitation. “Promotion of household investment in sanitation is a cost-effective public health intervention, in terms of the ratio of public cost to estimated health benefits,” said co-author and WSP Senior Water and Sanitation Specialist Eddy Perez. “The case studies reveal a wide spectrum of options: from a minimal investment in start-up of a revolving fund, to significant community mobilization and demand stimulation, all the way to hardware subsidies of up to 75 percent of capital costs in addition to community mobilization. The choice is thus not ‘Subsidy or no subsidy?’ but rather, ‘What form and level of public funding makes sense in a specific context?’ “

The report also shows that households are key investors in on-site sanitation, and careful project design and implementation can maximize their involvement, satisfaction, and financial investment. It also found that hardware subsidies of some form played a critical role in all six case studies.

Introducing SaniFOAM : a framework to analyze sanitation behaviors

Devine, J. (2009). Introducing SaniFOAM : a framework to analyze sanitation behaviors to design effective sanitation programs. (Learning to scale up. Working paper). Washington, DC, USA, Water and Sanitation Program. 28 p.

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SaniFOAM is a conceptual behaviour change framework that can be used both in community-led and in sanitation marketing approaches. It is designed to help program managers and implementers to promote sanitation at all stages of their interventions, from program design through implementation to monitoring and evaluation.

The paper describes the four elements of the framework and provides examples from formative research findings and field-based experiences.

The elements of SaniFOAM are:

F for Focus: What are the desired sanitation behaviors, and who is the target population?
O for Opportunity: Does the individual have the chance to perform the behavior?
A for Ability: Is the individual capable of performing it?
M for Motivation: Does the individual want to perform it?

SaniFOAM is one of the tools being developed in the Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project, implemented by the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). The project is currently applying SaniFOAM in three countries: Tanzania, Indonesia and India. Most notably, in East Java, Indonesia, the SaniFOAM framework has been used to design qualitative and quantitative surveys, develop communication materials supporting community-led efforts aimed at eradicating open defecation and design a strategy aimed at strengthening the supply of sanitation products and services.

The Story of Younus – sanitation promotion animation from Pakistan

This animated short film [5 min, 22 sec] details the travails of a barefoot consultant who promotes sanitation in villages in Pakistan. The barefoot consultant prospers in his work and develops a working sanitation market, he achieves such success that he is soon asked to travel to other villages to help them become Open Defecation Free.

The film was directed by Numair Abbas of Gogimation, a division of Gogi Studios in Islamadad, Pakistan. It was produced for the Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) and posted on WSP’s YouTube Channel.